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Инженерный труд в позднесоветский период: рутина, творчество, проектная дисциплина

Инженерный труд в позднесоветский период: рутина, творчество, проектная дисциплина



Абрамов Р.Н.
Инженерный труд в позднесоветский период: рутина, творчество, проектная дисциплина // Социология власти. 2020. № 1(32). С. 179-214.
ISSN 2074-0492
DOI: 10.22394/2074-0492-2020-1-179-214
РИНЦ: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42774659

Размещена на сайте: 22.06.20

Текст статьи на сайте журнала URL: http://www.socofpower.ranepa.ru/files/docs/1_2020/6.pdf (дата обращения 22.06.2020)



Ссылка при цитировании:

Абрамов Р.Н. Инженерный труд в позднесоветский период: рутина, творчество, проектная дисциплина // Социология власти. 2020. № 1(32). С. 179-214.
DOI: 10.22394/2074-0492-2020-1-179-214

Аннотация

Статья посвящена рабочим практикам советских инженеров позднесоветского периода 1960–1980-х годов с акцентом на проблемы, вызовы и напряжения, которые возникали в их повседневном труде. Источником данных стали воспоминания советских инженеров, опубликованные в открытых источниках в различных форматах: книги, статьи в журналах, посты в социальных сетях, интервью и т.п. В первой части статьи сделан обзор имеющихся исследований инженерно-технической среды советского периода с учетом исторических, социологических и антропологических источников. Далее представлена сжатая характеристика управления научно-технической политикой и НИОКР в СССР, включая формы бюрократической мобилизации и попыток децентрализации управления в этой сфере. Обращается внимание на возникновение ведомственного местничества, которое препятствовало коллаборации в сфере НИОКР. Специальное внимание уделено сложностям творческой реализации инженерно-технических работников в позднесоветский период. С одной стороны, активно поощрялось изобретательство и рационализаторство, имелись развитые институции информационно-экспертной поддержки регистрации изобретений, а с другой—высокая степень бюрократизации, низкая скорость внедрения новаций, ориентация на копирование зарубежных разработок в некоторых отраслях, вели к снижению мотивации к творчеству. Организация труда советских инженеров базировалась на системе планирования, включавшей инструменты сетевого планирования и PERT и риторику форс-мажорной мобилизации, связанной с перевыполнением планов и обязательств, что создавало дополнительные напряжения инженерного труда. В этой части статьи присутствую отсылки к теории градов Л. Болтански и Л. Кьяпелло. В целом статья выполнена в жанре социальной истории и дает представление о разных сторонах трудового процесса инженерно-технической интеллигенции в позднем СССР—от культуры изобретательства до организации трудового процесса.

Ключевые слова:

инженеры инженерно-техническая политика организация труда изобретательство творчество pert engineers engineering and technology policy labor organization inventive activity creativity

Рубрики:

Социология
Социология науки