Context

About the authors ....................................................................................................................................................................3

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................................................................5

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................................7

Defi nitions....................................................................................................................................................................................9

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 11

Executive summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 12

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2. Research methods ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
2.1. Purpose, objectives, and hypotheses of the study ........................................................................................ 17
2.2. Research design ........................................................................................................................................................... 19

2.2.1. Components of the study .......................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.2. Sampling ........................................................................................................................................................... 20

2.3. Data instruments and data collection process ................................................................................................ 24
2.4. Data analysis ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
2.5. Ethical considerations................................................................................................................................................ 26

3. Results.................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1. Literature and policy review on migration and disability ........................................................................... 27

3.1.1. Labour migration and disability: A review of the scientific literature ....................................... 27
3.1.2. Labour migration and disability: A review of international and national policies ............... 29
3.1.3. Tajikistan’s national policies on labour migration and disability ................................................ 39
3.1.4. Registration and access to healthcare for Tajik migrant workers in the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan .......................................................................................... 43

3.2. Results based on the quantitative and qualitative data analysis ............................................................. 52

3.2.1. Prevalence of functional limitations and disabilities among returning migrant workers ............................................................................................................................................. 52
3.2.2. Socio-demographic characteristics of migrant workers with functional limitations and disabilities ................................................................................................................................................ 52
3.2.3. Living and working conditions of Tajik migrant workers in destination countries ............. 58
3.2.4. Associations between labour migration and disability .................................................................. 66
3.2.5. Access to health and social services for returning migrant workers with disabilities in Tajikistan................................................................................................................................ 68
3.2.6. Labour market integration and life strategies of returning migrant workers with disabilities ............................................................................................................................................... 73
3.2.7. The psychosocial well-being of returning migrant workers with disabilities ........................ 75

4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................................ 76

5. Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................................ 83

References................................................................................................................................................................................. 89

Appendix No. 1. Schedule of the research project in 2021–2022....................................................................... 94
Appendix No. 2. Questions on migration experience added to JICA household survey instrument ................................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Appendix No. 3. Interview guide for in-depth interviews with returning migrant workers with disabilities .....................................................................................................................................................................100
Appendix No. 4. Interview guide for in-depth interviews with key informants ..........................................102